Accumulation and distribution of heavy metal cadmium in sweet sorghum
Main Article Content
Abstract
Many species of plants have been studied, as well as applied for cleansing the environment. Previous research has concluded that sorghum plants are highly tolerant to metal pollution and capable of reaching high biomass values in the presence of metals. However, the distribution of heavy metals in plant’s parts has not been adequately studied. In this study, two varieties of sweet sorghum (Keller and E-Tian) were grown with 5 levels (0, 5, 10, 25 and 50 ppm) of cadmium (Cd) in order to investigate the accumulation of Cd in plant parts at the hard dough stage. The results clearly showed the absence of Cd in the seeds of the above plants. There was the presence of Cd at the second and fifth leaf when the level of Cd reached 25 - 50 ppm. There was a great correlation coefficient between Cd and the position of the internodes, namely 0.86, 0.96, 0.99, 0.98 with KE, and 0.86, 0.92, 0.94, 0.94 with ET at 5, 10, 25 and 50 ppm Cd (P < 0.01), respectively. The greater the internodes, the lower the accumulation of Cd. The aforementioned plants recorded the high accumulation of Cd in their roots, peaking at 23.27 µg/g (dried weight, dw) in Keller and 21.69 µg/g in E-Tian. Based on these results, it is concluded that the distribution of Cd in the studied sweet sorghum can be arranged in the following order: > stem > old leaves > young leaves.
Article Details
References
Angelova, V. R., Ivanova, R. V., Delibaltova, V. A., & Ivanov, K. I. (2011). Use of Sorghum crop for in situ phytoremediation of polluted soils. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A1, 693-702.
Barros, A. B., Floccob, C. G., & Donati, E. R. (2009). Study of the heavy metal phytoextraction capacity of two forage species growing in a hydroponic environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials 165(1-3), 366-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.024
Cheng, S. (2003). Heavy metals in plants and phytoremediation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 10, 335-340. https://doi.org/10.1065/espr2002.11.141.3
Epelde, L., Mijangos, I., Becerril, J. M., & Garbisu, C. (2009). Soil microbial community as a bioindicator of the recovery of soil functioning derived from metal phytoextraction with sorghum. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41(9), 1788-1794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.04.001
Etim, E. E. (2012). Phytoremediation and its mechanisms: A review. International Journal of Environment and Bioenergy 2(3), 120-136.
Garbisu, C., & Alkorta, I. (2003). Basic concepts on heavy metal soil bioremediation. The European Journal of Mineral Processing and Evironmental Protection 3(1), 58-66.
Izadiyar, M. H. (2010). Study of cadmium absorption and accumulation in different parts of four forages. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 9, 231-238.
J ̈arup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin 68(1), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032
Kokyo, O., Cao, T., Cheng, H., Liang, X., Hu, X., Yan, L., Yonemochi, S., & Takahi, S. (2015). Phytoremediation potential of Sorghum as a biofuel crop and the enhancement effects with microbe inoculation in heavy metal contaminated soil. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 3(6), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2015.36002
Laghlimi, M., Baghdad, B., Hadi, H. E., & Bouabdli, A. (2015). Phytoremediation mechanisms of heavy metal contaminated soils: A review. Open Journal of Ecology 5(8), 375-388. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2015.58031
Liu, D. L., Hu, K. Q., Ma, J. J., Qiu, W. W., Wang, X. P., & Zhang, S. P. (2011). Effects of cadmium on the growth and physiological characteristics of sorghum plants. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(70), 15770-15776. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.848
Marchiol, L., Fellet, G., Perosa, D., & Zerbi, G. (2007). Removal of trace metals by Sorghum bicolor and Helianthus annuus in a site polluted by industrial wastes: a field experience. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 45(5), 379-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.03.018
Maria, S. D., Puschenreiter, M., & Rivelli, A. R. (2013). Cadmium accumulation and physiological response of sunflower plants to Cd during the vegetative growing cycle. Plant Soil and Environment 59(6), 254-261. https://doi.org/10.17221/788/2012-PSE
Muratova, A., Lyubun, Y., German, K., & Turkovskaya, O. (2015). Effect of cadmium stress and inoculation with a heavy-metal-resistant bacterium on the growth and enzyme activity of Sorghum bicolor. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22(20), 16098-16109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4798-7
Nawab, J., Khan, S., Aamir, M., Shamshad, I., Qamar, Z., Din, I., & Huang, Q. (2015). Organic amendments impact the availability of heavy metal(loid)s in mine impacted soil and their phytoremediation by Penisitum americanum and Sorghum bicolor. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23(3), 2381-2390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5458-7
Pinto, A. P., de Varennes, A., Goncalves, M. L. S., & Mota, A. (2006). Sorghum detoxification mechanisms. Journal of Plant Nutrition 29(7), 1229-1242. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160600767450
Rahat, N., Noushina, I., Asim, M., Khan, M. I. R., Shabina, S., & Nafees, A. K. (2012). Cadmium toxicity in plants and role of mineral nutrients in its alleviation. American Journal of Plant Sciences 3(10), 1476-1489. 10.4236/ajps.2012.310178
Soudek, P., Nejedl ́y, J., Pariˇci, L., Petrov ́a, ˇ S., & Vanˇek, T. (2013). The sorghum plants utilization for accumulation of heavy metals. 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environmental Science IPCBEE 2013 (6-11). Shanghai, China: International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology Press.
Soudek, P., Petrov ́a, ˇ S., Vaˇnkov ́a, R., Song, J., & Vanˇek, T. (2014). Accumulation of heavy metals using sorghum sp. Chemosphere 104, 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.079
Soudek, P., Petrov ́a, ˇ S., & Vanˇek, T. (2015). Increase of metal accumulation in plants grown on biochar-biochar ecotoxicity for germinating seeds. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 6(7), 508-511.
Sun, Y., Zhou, Q., & Diao, C. (2008). Effects of cadmium and arsenic on growth and metal accumulation of Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. Bioresource Technology 99(5), 1103-1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.02.035
Tuerxun, T., Zaituniguli, K., & Kai, Y. (2013). Study on the accumulation properties of sweet sorghum seedling to Cd and Pb. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 29, 80-85.
Zancheta, A. C. F., De Abreu, C. A., Zambrosi, F. C. B., Erismann, N. de M., & Lagˆoa, A. M. M. A. (2014). Cadmium Accumulation by Jack-bean and sorghum in hydroponic culture. International Journal of Phytoremediation 17(1-6), 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2014.883492
Zheng, L. Y., Guo, X. S., He, B., Sun, L. J., Peng, Y., Dong, S. S., Liu, T. F., Jiang, S., Ramachandran, S., Liu, C. M., & Jing, H. C. (2011). Genome-wide patterns of genetic variation in sweet and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Genome Biology 12, R114. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2011-12-11-r114
Zhuang, P., Shu, W. S., Li, Z., Liao, B., Li, J. T., & Shao, J. S. (2009). Removal of metals by sorghum plants from contaminated land. Journal of Environmental Sciences 21(10), 1432-1437. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62436-5
Ziarati, P., Ziarati, N. N., Nazeri, S., & Germi, M. (2015). Phytoextraction of heavy metals by two sorghum pices in treated soil using black tea residue for cleaning-up the contaminated soil. Oriental journal of chemistry 31(1), 317-326.