Fabrication of highly active silver nanoparticles from mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana) for the reduction of p-nitrophenol in water and their antibacterial activities
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Abstract
This study presents a green and sustainable route for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using mangosteen peel extract, which served as both a reducing and a stabilizing agent. The synthesis process was optimized by investigating key parameters, including temperature, reaction time, AgNO₃ concentration, and the Ag+ solution-to-extract ratio. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, while XRD (X-ray diffraction), HR TEM (High-resolution transmission electron microscopy), and SAED (Selected area electron diffraction) analyses revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical, well-dispersed, crystalline face centered cubic structures with an average size of 16.2 ± 4.3 nm. The AgNPs exhibited exceptional catalytic activity in the sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) reduction of p-nitrophenol (PNP), achieving a conversion efficiency of > 95% within just 2 minutes. This catalytic reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a reaction rate constant (k = 0.815/min). Furthermore, the AgNPs demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, evidenced by an inhibition zone of approximately 15 mm, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.04 mg/L, and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 6.08 mg/L. These findings not only highlight the potential of plant extracts for the green synthesis of AgNPs but also underscore the promising application of this nanomaterial in environmental remediation and biomedical fields.
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