Evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of crude tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) extract against Bordetella bronchiseptica strains isolated from dogs
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Abstract
Tea tree oil (TTO) was extracted by the steam distillation method at 100°C for 100 min, and its antibacterial activity was tested against Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. bronchiseptica) strains isolated from dogs with respiratory symptoms. From 45 nasal and/or pharyngeal swabs, 10 B. bronchiseptica positive strains were identified in canine respiratory tract secretions using PCR. The results showed that these strains were multidrug-resistant to commonly used veterinary antibiotics, particularly amoxicillin (70%) and cephalosporins (80%). Tea tree oil appeared as a clear, pale yellow to colorless liquid with a slightly pungent odor and an extraction yield of approximately 2.6%. The inhibitory activity of TTO against B. bronchiseptica was demonstrated at concentrations ranging from 5 to 60 mg/mL, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 7.33 to 23.33 mm as determined by the agar disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of TTO against B. bronchiseptica Bb3 and B. bronchiseptica Bb4 were 0.08 and 0.04 mg/mL, respectively, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value for both strains was 0.156 mg/mL. The research findings suggest that tea tree oil may serve as a safe and effective alternative treatment method for canine respiratory disease caused by B. bronchiseptica.
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