Optimizing the productivity of eggplant grown in polybags with the application of buffalo manure tea
Main Article Content
Abstract
By optimizing container gardening practices for solanaceous vegetables like eggplant, urban agriculture and food security initiatives can be significantly advanced. This study examined the productivity of polybag-grown eggplants, focusing on polybag sizes and buffalo manure tea levels. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was utilized, featuring a 3 × 8 factorial arrangement with 24 treatments and 3 replicates. The experimental results showed that eggplants grown in 40.64 x 40.64 cm polybags demonstrated significantly higher growth and yield. Specifically, these polybags achieved average plant heights of 46.73 cm, a leaf count of 28.39, and a total yield of 2.01 kg per plant. The polybags required at least 6.5 kg of growing media, composed of a 2:2:1 ratio of garden soil, aged rice hull, and vermicompost. These findings offer valuable insights for urban gardeners and agricultural practitioners seeking to enhance eggplant productivity sustainably.
Article Details
References
Bouzo, C. A., & Favaro, J. C. (2015). Container size effect on the plant production and precocity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 21(2), 325-332.
Cotner, S. (2008). Vegetable gardening in containers. Retrieved December 22, 2024, from http://aggiehorticulture.tamu.edu/extension/container/container.html.
DAATI (Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Training Institute). (2011). Production guide on tea manure. Quezon City, Philippines: Agricultural Training Institute.
DARSL (Department of Agriculture, Regional Soils Laboratory). (2020a). Chemical test results OF-20-0032 (Manure tea). Butuan City, Philippines: Regional Soils Laboratory, Caraga Region.
DARSL (Department of Agriculture, Regional Soils Laboratory). (2020b). Chemical test results OF-20-0033 (Soil media). Butuan City, Philippines: Regional Soils Laboratory, Caraga Region.
Daunay, M. (2016). Eggplant. In Prohens, J., & Nuez, F. (Eds.), Handbook of plant breeding: Vegetables II (163-220). New York, USA: Springer.
Dumroese, R. K., & Haase, D. L. (2018). Water management in container nurseries to minimize pests. Tree Planters’ Notes 61(1), 4-11.
Ebrahimi, M., Souri, M. K., Mousavi, A., & Sahebani, N. (2021). Biochar and vermicompost improve growth and physiological traits of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under deficit irrigation. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 8(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-021-00216-9.
Gad, D. A. M., Abd-Elrahman, H. A., & Aboud, F. S. (2023). Response growth, yield, and quality of celery plants to foliar spray with some organic extracts. Journal of Plant Production 14(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2023.178258.1193.
Gamage, A., Gangahagedara, R., Gamage, J., Jayasinghe, N., Kodikara, N., Suraweera, P., & Merah, O. (2023). Role of organic farming for achieving sustainability in agriculture. Farming System 1(1), 100005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2023.100005.
GCE (Guam Cooperative Extension). (2016). Eggplant, pepper, and tomato production guide for Guam: Production and IPM practices for solanaceous crops in Guam (2nd ed). Guam, USA: College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Guam.
Golabi, M. H., Denney, M. J., & Iyekar, C. (2004). Use of composted organic wastes as alternative to synthetic fertilizers for enhancing crop productivity and agricultural sustainability on the tropical island of Guam. In The 13th International Soil Conservation Organization Conference (1-6). Brisbane, Australia: International Soil Conservation Organization. Retrieved September 22, 2024, from https://topsoil.nserl.purdue.edu/isco/isco13/PAPERS%20F-L/GOLABI.pdf.
González-Hernández, A. I., Gómez-Sánchez, M. Á., Pérez-Sánchez, R., & Morales-Corts, M. R. (2023). Garden waste compost tea: a horticultural alternative to promote plant growth and root traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Horticulturae 9(10), 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101127.
Hamaiel, A. F., Elboraie, E. L. A., & Elbiyaly, H. A. (2015). Effect of organic fertilization on growth, yield and quality of Momordica charantia under Damietta conditions. Joural of Plant Production 6(9), 1553-1570.
Harrison, H. C. (2021). Container gardening. Retrieved September 26, 2024, from https://barron.extension.wisc.edu/files/2021/09/Container-Gardens.pdf.
Hu, W., Zhang, Y., Rong, X., Zhou, X., Fei, J., Peng, J., & Luo, G. (2024). Biochar and organic fertilizer applications enhance soil functional microbial abundance and agroecosystem multifunctionality. Biochar 6, 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00296-w.
JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency). (2016). Vegetable farming techniques manual. Retrieved December 10, 2024, from https:// www.jica.go.jp/Resource/nepal/english/office/others.pdf.
Johnson, M. P. (2016). Photosynthesis. Essays in Biochemistry 60, 255-273. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20160016.
Kiefer, M. (2023). Growing eggplant in the vegetable garden. Retrieved July 20, 2025, from https://www.fairfaxgardening.org/wp-content/webdocs.pdf.
Leauthaud, C., Ameur, F., Richa, A., Ben Yahmed, J., Tadjer, N., Bakouchi, S., Akakpo, K., Djezzar, M., & Amichi, H. (2022). Production and use of homemade dry manure-based tea in fertigation systems in North Africa. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 37, 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174217052100051X.
Lerner, B. R. (2009). Container and raised bed gardening. Retrieved August 10, 2025, from https://ag.purdue.edu/hla/pubs/HO/HO-200.pdf.
Llewellyn, J., Brown, W., Fraser, H., Kessel, C., Khosla, S., Nemeth, D., Taylor, T., Smith, S. J., Feisthauer, N., Speranzini, D., & Huber, A. (2016). Water and fertilizer use for outdoor container production. Retrieved July 10, 2025, from https://bmpbooks.com/media/Water-andFertilizer-Use-for-Outdoor.pdf
Mahamad, N. I. A., Samah, S. N. A. A., & Khidzir, M. N. A. M. (2022). Effects of different organic fertilizers on growth and yield potential of Solanum melongena (eggplant) in Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1114(1), 012083. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012083.
Montgomery, D. R., & Bikle, A. (2021). Soil health and nutrient density: beyond organic vs conventional farming. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5, 699147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.699147.
NeSmith, D. S. & Duval, J. R. (1998). The effect of container size. Horticulture Technology 8(4), 495-498. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.8.4.495.
Oagile, O., Gabolemogwe, P., Matsuane, C., & Mathowa, T. (2016). Effect of container size on the growth and development of tomato seedlings. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5(4), 890-896. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.504.100.
Radovich, T., & Arancon, N. (2011). Tea time in the tropics: A handbook for compost tea production and use. Hawaii, USA: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii.
Ramírez-Gottfried, R. I., Preciado-Rangel, P., Carrillo, M. G., García, A. B., González-Rodríguez, G., & Espinosa-Palomeque, B. (2023). Compost tea as organic fertilizer and plant disease control: bibliometric analysis. Agronomy 13(9), 2340. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092340.
Relf, D. (2020). Vegetable gardening in containers. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext.pdf.
Roll, M., & Wilson, C. R. (2020). Container gardens. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07238.pdf.
Schonbeck, M., Jerkins, D., & Lowell, V. (2019). Understanding and optimizing the community of soil life. Retrieved May 10, 2024, from https://ofrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Soil_Health_Life_rev-reduced.pdf.
Siemonsma, J. S., & Piluek, K. (1994). Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 8: Vegetables. Wageningen, Netherlands: Pudoc Scientific Publishers.
Silva, R. M., & Canellas, L. P. (2022). Organic matter in the pest and plant disease control: a metaanalysis. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 9, 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-022-00332-0.
Simkin, A. J., Lopez-Calcagno, P. E., & Raines, C. A. (2019). Feeding the world: improving photosynthetic efficiency for sustainable crop production. Journal of Experimental Botany 70(40), 1119-1140. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery445.
Sunaryo, Y., Darini, T. M., Cahyani, R. V., & Purnomo, D. (2023). Potential liquid fertilizer made from goat feces to improve vegetable product. Vegetable Crops - Current Practices and Future Prospects (1-20). London, UK: IntechOpen.
Tisdale, S., Nelson, W., Beaton, J., & Haulin, J. (1993). Soil fertility and fertilizers (5th ed.). New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Tuan, L. C. (2019). Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) production applied with carabao manure: effects on growth and yield. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 4(4), 0948-0952. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.449.
UT (University of Tennessee). (2015). Fertilizers and their uses. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent. agexcrop.
Ye, J., Wang, Y., Kang, J., Chen, Y., Hong, L., Li, M., Jia, Y., Wang, Y., Jia, X., Wu, Z., & Wang, H. (2023). Effects of long-term use of organic fertilizer with different dosages on soil improvement, nitrogen transformation, tea yield and quality in acidified tea plantations. Plants 12(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010122.
Zaro, M. J., Vicente, A. R., Ortiz, C. M., Chavez, A. R., & Concellon, A. (2016). Eggplant. In Postharvest Management of Fruit and Vegetables in the Asia-Pacific Region (15-125). Canberra, Australia: Asian Productivity Organization. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publications/296486128.